Introduction
The biblical texts of the Old
and New Testaments span events over thousands of years, with the early periods
marking a transition from a tribal nomadic existence to settlements supported by
improved agricultural and farming techniques.
Subsequently the Jewish
kingdom evolved as the tribes put down roots which brought wealth and
influence, punctuated by wars, prosperity and periods of captivity. Forming a
view on wealth is a moving feast and this paper aims to discern emerging themes
in the context of the writers intended audience.
In a period when what GOD you
believed in was more the question than whether you believed in God(s), any
religion, including Judaism would seek to interpret events as a sign of
GODS favour or otherwise so as to unite or reassure its followers. Hence simplistically
the stories about Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses and Joshua illustrate
the theme of reward for obedience to GOD and to attribute punishment when they
strayed. Prosperity and wealth were seen as
evidence of GODS blessing for obedience.
In the later stories as the
Jewish of nation advances, victorious in battles and assisted by trade links
this theme continues. But in the later books under
the wisdom steam covering Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of
Songs and Lamentations, the theme links wisdom to a fear of GOD to bring wealth
and prosperity. But it is important to note in the Hebrew tradition a fear of
GOD means holding GOD in awe or reverence, See reference http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Meditations/Yirat_Adonai/yirat_adonai.html
By the time of the last book in
the Old Testament of Malachi, Israel has resettled in Palestine following the Babylonian
captivity when a smaller temple to Solomon’s had been built to continue the
Mosaic ritual sacrificial practices.
The Jewish nation was also
authorized to mint their own coinage, which was not to conflict with the Commandments: “Thou
shalt not make unto thee any graven image, so that simple wordage might
only be complimented with say an anchor to represent commerce. A period of 400 years elapses before the New Testament during which time
power shifts from the east to West to Rome.
Therein in the New
Testament we have a more immediate expectation of the messianic
kingdom to come with more emphasis on the here
and now, and the pragmatic view of St Paul to simply encourage generosity in giving money.
Attitudinal approach to wealth
The practice
of apportioning ten percent of one’s income, known as Tithing was evident in
both Testaments, as was making sacrificial offerings. In the earlier periods
this marked an expression of affinity to the land, to give thanks for
the harvest so that the first fruits were given to GOD. Overall the ritualistic practices became codified into the Mosaic Laws and as in Deut. 12:6-7.
And thither ye shall bring your burnt offerings, and your
sacrifices, and your TITHES, and heave offerings of your hand, and your vows,
and your freewill offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and of your
flocks: And there ye shall eat before the Lord your God, and ye shall rejoice
in all that ye put your hand unto, YE and your Households, wherein the Lord thy
God hath blessed thee" and in Malachi 3:10 bring the
whole tithe into the storehouse, that there may be food in my house. Test me in
this," says the LORD Almighty, "and see if I will not throw open the
floodgates of heaven and pour out so much blessing that there will not be room
enough to store.
A natural expression of
nature’s bounty associated with GODS blessings, was exemplified in the vision
of Abraham finding favour with GOD, which was evidenced by his great riches
and influence as in Genesis 13:2: he was very rich in livestock silver and
gold, and in 14, as he leads his 318 of his trained servants into battle.
In this context wealth was seen as GODS blessing, which in summary form
can be ascertained from these passages from Joshua. Here we see that the land
or their wealth is given to them by their GOD: “This is what the LORD, the God
of Israel, says: ‘Long ago your ancestors, the father of Abraham and Anchor, lived beyond the Euphrates River and
worshiped other gods. But I took your father Abraham from
the region beyond the Euphrates River, led
him throughout the land of Canaan, and multiplied his heirs ’I’II gave him Isaac and to
Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. I
gave the hill country of Seri to Esauas possession, but Jacob and his sons down Egypt. Then I sent Moses and Aaron; I plagued Egypt by what I did there and afterward I brought you out. When I
brought your fathers out of Egypt and you reached the Red Then I sent Moses and
Aaron; I plagued Egypt by what I did there and afterward I brought you out.
When I brought your fathers out of Egypt and you reached the Red Sea, the
Egyptians pursued your fathers with chariots and horsemen as far as the sea.
Your fathers cried out to the LORD, so He put darkness between you and the
Egyptians, and brought the sea over them, engulfing them. Your own eyes saw
what I did to Egypt. After that, you lived in the wilderness a long time.
“I brought you to the land of the Amorites lived
beyond the Jordan’s they fought against you, but I handed them over to you. You
possessed their land, and I annihilated them before you. Balak son of Zippor,
king of Moab, l set out to fight against Israel. He sent for Balaam son of Beor
to curse you, but I would not listen to Balaam. Instead, he repeatedly blessed
you, and I delivered you from his hand.
‘You then crossed the Jordan and came to Jericho.m
The people of Jericho — as well as the Amorites, Perizzites, Canaanites,
Hittites, Girgashites, Hivites, and Jebusites — fought against you, but I
handed them over to you. I sent the hornetn, ahead of you, and it drove
out the two Amoritekings’ before you. It was not by your sword or bow. I gave
you a land you did not labour for, and cities not build though you live in
them; you are eating from vineyards and olive groves you did not plant. ’Sea the Egyptians pursued your fathers with chariots and horsemen as far as
the sea. Your fathers cried out to the LORD, so He put darkness between you and the Egyptians, and brought the sea over them, engulfing
them. Your own eyes saw what I did to Egypt. After that, you lived in the wilderness a long time.
However we should have no illusions that for many, subject to the
control of capricious or unjust masters, life was exceedingly difficult. A check against this excess of power can be found
in the Prophets such as Isaiah, although the prophet doesn’t argue over
the idea of God’s blessing as a sign of righteousness but rather rallies
against widespread injustices. In
Isaiah 3:14, 15 “The LORD will enter into
judgment with the elders of His people and His princes: for you have eaten up
the vineyard; the plunder of the poor is in your houses. What do you mean by
crushing my people and grinding the faces of the poor?’ says the Lord GOD of
hosts. “Isaiah 10:1, 2 - “Woe to those who decree unrighteous decrees, who
write misfortune, which they have prescribed to rob the needy of justice, and
to take what is right from the poor of My people, that widows may be their
prey, and that they may rob the fatherless.
The earlier more vivid Old
Testament stories are contained in the captivating stories of Moses in Exodus,
Leviticus Numbers and Deuteronomy. These were written about events occurring thousands
of years earlier and scholars are dubious over their authenticity, particularly
in regard to any mass migration from Egypt. Moses as "The Lawgiver is
central to Jewish practices since he delivered the Ten Commandments, but
passages in Deuteronomy 8:17-18, warn against attributing wealth to one’s own power: Beware
lest you say in your heart, ‘My power and the might of my hand have gotten me
this wealth.’ You shall remember the Lord your God, for it is he who gives you
power to get wealth that he may confirm his covenant that he swore to your
fathers, as it is this day, in Deuteronomy 9:4 After
the LORD your God has driven them out before you, do not say to yourself,
"The LORD has brought me here to take possession of this land because of
my righteousness." No, it is on account of the wickedness of these nations
that the LORD is going to drive them out before you.
Hence the
writer’s intention equates these leaders’ wealth and prosperity to emanating
from God’s favour, due in turn to their righteousness, or bequeathed to them by
GOD because of the extreme wickedness of the previous owners.
King David’s empire grows under
Solomon, only to be split in two under his son.
The biblical King Solomon is associated more than anyone else with
wisdom and great wealth, whose crowning achievement was the building of the
temple in Jerusalem, whose descriptions and size give the impression of a
massive undertaking involving expert craftsmen and fine material such as sandalwood
and gold. As in Kings 10:12 The king used the sandalwood to make
railings for the Temple of the LORD and the royal palace, and to construct
lyres and harps for the musicians. Never before or since has there been such a
supply of sandalwood.
To obtain the wood and precious metals to build the temple many of the
materials and expertise were imported from the Phoenicians and with whom he was
to engage in significant trade. Solomon had already inherited a considerable empire from his father,
King David but subsequently accumulated unimaginable wealth. When we
consider the total world population then was estimated at less than 50
million these assets are enormous. Under Kings 1 his assets are listed as
12,000 horses with horsemen, 1,400 chariots, (which was partly verified from archaeological
excavations) together with 700 wives and 300 concubines. The latter references
however may well be exaggerations as the writer is prone to overly enthusiastic
phraseology depicting the streets as paved with Gold.
However there can be no doubting the Solomon era was one of enhanced
prosperity to the inhabitants during a period of political stability, as he was
able to forge trade links and live peacefully with neighbouring countries.
The salutary warning however by the writer was that great wealth and
power can bring corruption to even the wisest as Solomon began to worship idols
and his empire was subsequently torn in two during the reign of his son
Rehoboam.
Seeking Wisdom
The Old Testament books of,
Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs and Lamentations are considered
books representing the wisdom stream whose theme is to link wisdom with a fear
of the Lord, which in turn would bring prosperity. However
this concept of "fearing God," has a different meaning to how we
would normally view the word. In Hebrew the meaning denotes immensity and awe
of GOD, to be simultaneously fearful over our smallness in the vast expansion
of the stars. There are numerous references to this theme as under: Job 28:28 Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding Psalm 111:10
the fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom; all who follow his precepts
have good understanding. To him belongs eternal praise. Proverbs 1:7 Fear of
the Lord is the foundation of true knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and
discipline. Proverbs 3:7 do not be wise in your own eyes; fear the LORD.
Ecclesiastes 2:26 To the man who pleases him, God gives wisdom, knowledge and
happiness, but to the sinner he gives the task of gathering and storing up
wealth to hand it over to the one who pleases GOD.
The New Testament references
At the time of the New Testament, following a period of 400
years since the last book of Malachi in the Old world power had shifted from the East to the West, to Rome, for Palestine to
become a puppet state.
Although the rebuilt Temple continues to dominate as the centre
for mosaic practices, the Jewish kingdom is spilt into three factions; the Pharisees, Sadducees and the
Essenes, with some scholastic influences attributing Jesus’s prior association
to be amongst the Essenes.
Because of the messianic expectation of a new kingdom there is less
emphasis on storing up reserves for the future, since the expectation of the end of time (prophecy) was
on the here and now. Even so many of the practices continued during
Christ’s ministry, as the Mosaic Law tradition continued as Jesus instructed the
disciples to offer animal sacrifices Luke 5:14; to pay for upkeep of the Temple
Matthew 17:24–27; to recognize Scribes and Pharisees Matthew 23:2–3, but was
concerned over corrupt practices as in Matthew 21:12-13 Jesus entered
the temple courts and drove out all who were buying and selling there. He
overturned the tables of the money changers and the benches of those selling
doves. “It is written,” he said to them, “My house will be
called a house of prayer, but you are making it ‘a den of robbers.]”
Hence just as is in the OLD
the prophets were to act as a check against injustices arising from the
excesses evident in injustices from power and wealth, Jesus similarly takes his
lead from the words of the prophet Isaiah Is:61.1-2 in proclaiming his mission:
“The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He has anointed Me to preach the
Gospel to the poor, to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliverance to the
captives, and recovery of sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that are
bruised, to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord.”
In the “Sermon on the Mount Jesus exhorts his audience to give to the
poor, and so to build up "a treasure in heaven that will never fail, where
no thief comes near and no moth destroys" Lk 12.33; For where your
treasure is, there will your heart be also" Lk 12.33:34. We have an interesting story of the tax collector Zacchaeus promising to
give half his possessions to the poor, and to refund overpayments four times
over if he defrauded anyone Lk 19.8.
Hence the ongoing themes are as in Matthew 6:24 "No one can serve two masters, nor is generosity necessarily dictated by
wealth Mark 12:41-44. They all gave out of their wealth; but she, out of her
poverty, put in everything--all she had to live on.
St Paul.
Paul as a
missionary, took a slightly different perspective not to distinguish between
rich or poor, but encourages generosity in giving. 2 Cor. 6:10. When he was poor he could still make many rich and
having nothing he still possessed everything.
Pauls
ongoing theme was the mysterious “in Christ ” unity where mankind is equalised
so that he takes a pragmatic approach that should needs arise, we will respond
positively in gladness. 2 Cor. 8:13-14. At the
present time your plenty will supply what they need, so that in turn their
plenty will supply what you need. Then there will be equality” .
Pauls
approach was to unity for the fledgling communities to care for their widows,
but not all, (1 Tim. 5:3) “Give proper
recognition to those widows who are really in need.” In Timothy 6:17-9 Paul has some advice to the rich : "Command
those who are rich in this present age not to be haughty, nor to trust in
uncertain riches but in the living God, who gives us richly all things to
enjoy. Let them do good, that they be rich in good works, ready to give,
willing to share, storing up for themselves a good foundation for the time to
come, that they may lay hold on eternal life"
Conclusion
The underlying tension attributed to the Old Testament which saw GODs
favour evident in wealth to differ from the NEW references , where Jesus, amongst other things, emphasised the importance of helping the poor is more a matter of changed emphasis than one of contradictions.
The
Old Testament was also always concerned with the poor, as enunciated by the
prophets, but for an evolving belief in one GOD to take hold the writers no
doubt needed to reassure the followers of evidence of GODS favour for
righteousness and adherence to the law for the Jewish religion to flourish.
Today we have rich images from both sources that provide valuable
insights into the idea that in the end any material wealth is a transitory
state.
Beyond reasonable needs for existence this underpins a wider
responsibility to share in our inheritance in the position we find ourselves,
to be generous in time or money or both as best we are able.
